AI Commission Makes Bold Funding Recommendations

The National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI) was established by the National Defense Authorization Act of 2019 as a bipartisan fifteen-member commission to “consider the methods and means necessary to advance the development of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and associated technologies to comprehensively address the national security and defense needs of the U.S.” The Commission published its 752-page final report on March 1.

Americans have not yet grappled with just how profoundly the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution will impact our economy, national security, and welfare. Much remains to be learned about the power and limits of AI technologies. Nevertheless, big decisions need to be made now to accelerate AI innovation to benefit the United States and to defend against the malign uses of AI.

NSCAI Final Report, March 1 

The report found that the U.S. is not prepared to defend or compete in the AI arena. It advocates a whole-of-nation effort with a strategy to defend against AI and responsible employment of AI for national security to win the “broader technology competition.” 

The goal the Commission sets for the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Intelligence Community (IC) is to be “AI-ready” by 2025. Achieving that objective requires cooperation and coordination of partners in industry, academia, and civil society. The Commission calls for four initial areas of action: 1) commitment from leaders in the U.S. Government to take AI competition seriously, 2) creating a talent pipeline to secure an AI workforce, 3) revitalizing domestic chip manufacturing with a robust $35 billion federal investment, and 4) spending $40 billion to expand and democratize federal AI research and development.

The report is divided into two sections, the first being “Defending America in an AI Era,” which examines how the U.S. can defend against the full spectrum of AI threats from both state and non-state actors and how the U.S. can responsibly use AI technologies to protect America and our interests. The second section, “Winning the Technology Competition,” examines AI’s role in the broader technology competition (primarily with China) and addresses critical elements of that competition. The authors of the report use Thomas Edison’s early thoughts on the potential of electricity to change the world as a comparison for the impact they believe AI will have.

Thomas Edison said of electricity that it “is the field of fields. It holds the secrets which will reorganize the life of the world.

NSCAI Final Report, March 1 

The report contains several appendices including suggested legislative language for its recommendations (appendix D) and a summary by chapter of its funding recommendations (appendix E). We have sorted the funding recommendations (Chart I ) by agency to provide a better illustration of the recommendations’ impact upon agency budgets. Because the NSCAI report was released prior to President Biden’s first budget, we do not yet know whether his FY22 budget will include any of these recommendations.

NSCAI Spending Recommendations by Agency ($ in millions)
Agency and Component/Program	FY22	Outyears
DoD
DARPA	500	4,600
Research and Engineering	225
Research and Development	8,000
Chief Data Officer	125
Joint Artificial Intelligence Center	100
Joint Warfare Analysis Center	2.5
OUSD AS	100
CIO	5
STEM Corps (establishment)	5	5
ODNI
IC Funding for IT	1,000	9,000
Foreign Malign Influence Response	30
DHS
Cyber Defense	10
NIST
AI Testbed	25
Third Party Testing	1
Regional Innovation Clusters	*	200
Advanced Packaging	1,000	4,000
Cyberspace Solarium
Solar Winds Threat Review	7
Multiple Agency
Appoint AI Leads for National Security	22
National Defense Education Act	8,200
Increase Non-Defense AI R&D	2,000	60,000
National Semiconductor Technology Center	100	1,900
AI Standards	3.3
Multilateral AI Research Initiative	12	61
Trusted Learning Cloud	11
Executive Office of the President
OMB – Reserve Digital Corps	16
Technology Competitiveness Council	2
Department of Energy
AI Data Program	25
Semiconductor Research	400	4,100
Department of Commerce
Microelectronics Manufacturing Grants		15,000
Small Business Administration
Small Business International Standards	1
National Science Foundation
AI Research Institute Network	200	400
AI Innovator Award	125
Team-Based AI Award	50	1,200
NAIRR Roadmap	30
Open Knowledge Network	25
NSF Semiconductor Research	300	2,200
U.S. Center of Expertise GPAI/OECD	1
Department of State
Technology Infrastructure Project	1,000
Development Financing Incentives	200
U.S. AID Digital Strategy	200
International Data and Tech Standards Grants	5
AI Training for Diplomatic Corps	8
Cyberspace Security & Emerging Technology	20
Diplomacy AI Innovation & Democratic Values	6
AI Exchange Programs U.S. Values	9
Efforts to Promote U.S. Innovation	3
Tracking Impact of Engagement Efforts	1
U.S. Science Envoys	1
Emerging Technology Coalition & Internal Programs	6
Human Rights in AI Context	2
National Security Cooperation	3
Tech. Capacity in Emerging Democracies	3
Grants for Malign Influence in AI	2
Public Diplomacy AI Standards	2
Global Innovation through S&T	1
Digital Programs (rule of law, democracy and human rights, security cooperation, technical assistance)	230
New Entries
National Technology Foundation	1,030	50,000
Digital Service Academy	40

Chart I. Source: NSCAI Final Report, Appendix E. *$200 million FY22-26, $20 million per cluster.

On March 12, the House Committee on Armed Services’ Subcommittee on Cyber, Innovative Technologies and Information Systems held a joint hearing with the House Committee on Oversight and Reform’s Subcommittee on National Security with the Chair, Vice Chair and two members of the NSCAI to discuss its recommendations. There were no questions directly relating to the overall funding recommendations. Much of the hearing focused on the IT workforce, the talent deficit NSCAI identified, and  its recommendations for making the workforce more robust and competitive by implementing, among other things, a Digital Service Academy.

Former Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Work, now the Commission Vice Chair, argued that adversaries plan to defeat the U.S. military through the use of better operational systems and suggested that DoD shift its thinking away from platforms to systems, or in other words, from hardware to software. Gilman Louie, a Commission member, technology venture capitalist, and founder of In-Q-Tel, stated that the United States tends “to look at cybersecurity breaches as an IT problem. Our adversaries look 

at it as domain warfare….” He testified that we are losing technology to foreign governments because the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) requirements are voluntary and recommended mandatory disclosure for any foreign investment in AI, quantum computing, and microelectronics.

The overall awareness and discussion of the NSCAI report suggest that members of both subcommittees take many of these findings seriously. The subcommittees supported the overall thrust of the report, which is to move the U.S. government into a higher gear when addressing AI. FBIQ believes the Commission’s $170 billion-plus multi-year funding recommendations should be viewed as aspirational. Budgetary restrictions limit Congress’s ability to approve NSCAI proposals. 

Excerpts from the NSCAI Final Report: